GPT-5 → CadQuery
B · Engineering-Aidedcomposite 64.6 [59.4, 69.1]p5 39.0IRT θ 92.4
OpenAI + CadQuery 2.4· vgpt-5 + cadquery 2.4· released 2026-03-08· LLM+CadQuery· emits CadQuery· proprietary· 400k ctx· $0.01/$0.04 per 1k tok
Same scaffold as the Claude pipeline for fair comparison. Self-repair budget capped at 3 attempts.
solid: agent · dashed: human baseline
PER-CATEGORY SCORE (95 % CI)
Geometric Primitives
87.4
Boolean Robustness
88.6
BREP Fidelity
47.0
Free-form Surfaces
56.5
Parametric Mechanical Parts
67.6
Assembly & Mating
43.6
Standards Compliance
64.4
Sheet-Metal Bodies
67.0
Sealing-Groove Design
71.7
Kinematic Mechanisms
67.5
DFM · 3-Axis CNC
67.9
DFM · Injection Mould
59.3
DFM · FDM 3D Print
74.4
CAM Toolpath Validity
68.3
Constraint Solving & Editability
72.3
Reverse Engineering
63.1
2-D Sketch Constraints
85.9
Functional Intent · FEA-Gated
61.4
Paraphrase Robustness
79.6
Confidence Calibration
64.7
MEAN METRICS BY LAYER
L1 · Geometry
| Category | Vol IoU | Chamfer | Hausdorff | NormCons | Watert. | Manif. | Euler | STEP RT | P@1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geometric Primitives | 0.627 | 0.157 | — | — | — | 0.946 | — | — | — |
| Boolean Robustness | 0.599 | — | — | — | — | 0.944 | — | — | — |
| BREP Fidelity | — | — | — | — | — | 0.687 | — | 0.123 | — |
| Free-form Surfaces | — | 0.212 | 1.065 | 0.776 | — | — | — | — | — |
L2 · Engineering
| Category | Dim RMSE | GD&T | FeatRec | Mating | Fit-Cls | Std |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parametric Mechanical Parts | 0.225 | 0.579 | 0.673 | — | — | — |
| Assembly & Mating | — | — | 0.682 | 0.568 | 0.384 | — |
| Standards Compliance | — | 0.590 | — | — | — | 0.699 |
| Sheet-Metal Bodies | 0.254 | — | 0.677 | — | — | — |
| Sealing-Groove Design | 0.222 | — | — | — | — | 0.656 |
| Kinematic Mechanisms | — | — | 0.662 | 0.623 | — | — |
L3 · Manufacturing
| Category | DFM | Draft | Min-Wall | CAM-Reach | Supp | Wall-Unif |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DFM · 3-Axis CNC | 80.475 | — | 0.602 | 0.630 | — | — |
| DFM · Injection Mould | — | 0.569 | 0.611 | — | — | 0.600 |
| DFM · FDM 3D Print | 78.900 | — | 0.617 | — | 0.347 | — |
| CAM Toolpath Validity | — | — | — | 0.678 | — | — |
L4 · Cognition
| Category | ParamEdit | ConSolve | P-Range | FEA-σ | Para σ | Seed σ | Brier | EditLat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constraint Solving & Editability | 0.729 | 0.718 | 0.724 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Reverse Engineering | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2-D Sketch Constraints | — | 0.786 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Functional Intent · FEA-Gated | — | — | — | 0.492 | — | — | — | — |
| Paraphrase Robustness | — | — | — | — | 0.035 | 0.046 | — | — |
| Confidence Calibration | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.103 | — |
TASK-BY-TASK ARTIFACTS
PRIM-001Hollow cylinder (60 × 40 × 100)0.6360.00PRIM-007Right hexagonal prism with pitch fillet0.7170.00BOOL-003Coplanar-face union (knife-edge stress)0.5390.00BOOL-009High-genus subtraction (lattice block)0.5210.00BREP-004NURBS-handle goblet (G2 swept loft)0.3670.00SURF-002Compressor blade (NACA 65-(12)10)0.0000.00MECH-014L-bracket with M6 + slotted hole0.6630.00MECH-022Stepped shaft with retaining-ring groove0.5150.00MECH-027Planetary-gear carrier plate0.4900.00ASM-005Pin-in-hole, H7/g6 sliding fit0.5260.00ASM-011Dovetail slide (60° flanks)0.5220.00STD-002ISO 4762 M8×30 socket-head cap screw0.5430.00SHEET-003U-channel bracket, 1.5 mm Al, k=0.400.5570.00SEAL-001AS568-214 face-seal groove0.6470.00KIN-002Four-bar linkage, Grashof crank-rocker0.4270.00DFMCNC-0023-ax-machinable manifold block0.5680.00DFMMOLD-002Injection-mouldable enclosure half0.5100.00DFMFDM-008FDM-printable hinge (no support)0.7070.00CAM-0015-pocket plate, Ø3 endmill finish0.6650.00PARAM-006Editable flange (bolt circle param sweep)0.6620.00PARAM-013Editable bracket (length+30 %, hole→M8)0.7511.00REVENG-002Three-view ortho → bracket0.5250.00REVENG-009Three-view ortho → housing with cores0.4410.00SKETCH-003Tangent-arc transition profile0.7100.00FUNC-001Cantilever bracket — 250 N tip load, 6061-T6, SF≥40.4020.00FUNC-007Heat-sink fin array for 25 W TO-2200.3810.00PARA-0015× paraphrased L-bracket0.5560.00CAL-003Confidence-calibrated planetary carrier0.3400.00PRIM-002Sphere with planar cap0.6960.00PRIM-003Right truncated cone (frustum)0.5730.00PRIM-004Square-base pyramid frustum0.5740.00PRIM-005Tilted-axis box (30°)0.6310.00PRIM-009Hollow torus (Ø100 mean × Ø8 tube, 1 mm wall)0.5640.00BOOL-001Tangent cylinder onto cube (line-of-contact)0.6170.00BOOL-002Two interpenetrating spheres (lens intersection)0.8071.00BOOL-005ε-offset extrusion (sliver-face stress)0.5110.00BREP-001Periodic-spline cylinder (closed in U)0.4330.00BREP-002G1-only loft (tangent discontinuity)0.5130.00BREP-007Trimmed sphere with hole through pole0.0000.00SURF-001Ergonomic mug handle (revolved spline)0.4680.00SURF-007Mouse top-shell (Class-A)0.3870.00MECH-002Bearing block — two 6204 deep-groove bearings0.6610.00MECH-005Cam-follower lever (eccentric pivot)0.6540.00MECH-018Heat-set insert boss array (4× M3)0.7280.00MECH-031Threaded cap with diamond knurl0.3840.00ASM-001Threaded coupling M16×1.5 (male+female pair)0.4310.00ASM-008Spline shaft + hub (DIN 5480 W25×1.25×18)0.0000.00ASM-013Bayonet quarter-turn mount0.5050.00STD-001ISO 7050 self-tapping screw ST4.2 × 160.6690.00STD-005ISO 8734 dowel pin Ø6 m6 × 300.6100.00STD-008ASME B18.6.3 button-head 1/4-20 × 5/80.4990.00SHEET-001Box-pan with corner relief cuts0.5730.00SHEET-0073-bend electronics chassis0.5450.00SEAL-004AS568-218 piston-type radial groove0.5600.00SEAL-007ISO 3601-2 quad-ring face groove0.7030.00KIN-005Geneva drive — 4 station0.3850.00KIN-008Planetary gearset full mesh (sun + 3 planets + ring)0.4340.00DFMCNC-0054-pocket plate, R 0.5 internal corners0.7120.00DFMCNC-009Long-aspect bracket (vise-fixturable)0.5010.00DFMCNC-0135-axis-only fish-mouth saddle0.4750.00DFMMOLD-005Telephone handset shell0.5280.00DFMFDM-002Bridge-test calibration cube0.6980.00DFMFDM-011Print-in-place hinge0.5090.00CAM-005T-slot pocket array (Ø 8 + Ø 4 endmills)0.4630.00PARAM-009Configurable bottle (height + cap params)0.6190.00REVENG-005ABC dataset stepped pulley (multi-view)0.4660.00SKETCH-014Symmetric four-bar profile0.6170.00FUNC-003Heat-sink for 60 W CoB LED0.3510.00PARA-0055× paraphrased planetary carrier0.6170.00CAL-007Confidence-bracketed mounting flange0.7611.00